⚖️ Legal Procedures, Courts of Law & Hierarchy
FMT Rapid Revision | NEET-PG & INI-CET High Yield Notes
1️⃣ Law Transition (Foundation)
- IPC → BNS (358 sections)
- CrPC → BNSS (531 sections)
- IEA → BSA (170 sections)
- Trial Flow → Chief → Cross → Re-exam
- Death Flow → Sessions → HC → SC → President
2️⃣ Court Hierarchy & Powers
- 2nd → 1st → CJM → Sessions → HC → SC
- Sessions Court → Death sentence ❌ not final
- High Court → Confirmation required 💣
- Supreme Court → Final authority
3️⃣ Summons & Subpoena
- Summons = Court appearance document
- Testificandum → Give evidence
- Duces Tecum → Bring documents
- Expert → Duces Tecum
- Penalty (208 BNS) → 6 months / ₹10,000
4️⃣ Types of Evidence
- Direct = Best evidence
- Circumstantial = Indirect proof
- Hearsay = ❌ Not valid
- Exception → Dying Declaration 💣
- Oral > Documentary
5️⃣ Types of Witness
- Common → First-hand knowledge
- Expert (39 BSA) → Opinion allowed
- Hostile → Against own party
- Expert can act as common
- Common cannot become expert
6️⃣ Oath & Perjury
- Oath compulsory (Exception → <12 yrs)
- Refusal → 213 BNS
- Perjury → 227 BNS 💣
- Punishment → 229 BNS (7 years)
- False evidence = punishable
7️⃣ Types of Offences
- Cognizable → No warrant (Police power)
- Non-cognizable → Warrant required
- Bailable → Police bail
- Non-bailable → Magistrate decision
- Compoundable → Settlement allowed
8️⃣ Final PYQ Traps 💣
- Leading Q → Allowed only in Cross
- Hearsay → Invalid (except dying declaration)
- Sessions death → Not final
- Conduct money → Not in criminal cases
- Expert vs Common → Key confusion
💀 FINAL REVISION RULE: Flow → Tables → Traps = Rank Booster